Achieving balance - in your workplace, at home, on your surfboard or with your checkbook - makes life manageable. Natural environments depend upon balance as well.
Invasive pests have been disturbing the natural balance of Hawaiian eco-systems for centuries, ever since the arrival of the rat with early Polynesian explorers. Bringing invasive species into better balance with the environment is nothing new here in Hawaii. An effective biological control, or natural predator, can transform a devastating invasive species into a mild pest.
The vast majority of biological control efforts in Hawaii have been successful: panini cactus that once choked pastureland is now checked by three predatory insects and a plant fungus; white loosestrife, or pamakani, is continually attacked by two insects and another plant fungus; and recently, the Erythrina gall wasp, that wiped out ornamental coral trees and threatened the native wiliwili with extinction, was leveled by a parasitoid wasp.
Article Photos
The invasive erythrina gall wasp that threatened wiliwili trees, such as this one, was brought under control by a parasitoid wasp.
Maui Invasive Species Committee file photo
Yet, just as impulsive actions sabotage balance in our own lives - think diet fads and overexercising - the same kind of recklessness results in greater instability in our environment.
Such is the case with the small Indian mongoose, Herpestus javanicus. In 1872, a sugar planter released nine mongoose on Jamaica with the hope it would control rats in cane fields. The planter considered it successful and published a paper about it. Mongoose populations grew and offspring were sold to plantations throughout the Caribbean, Cuba and Puerto Rico.
In 1883, Hawaii plantation owners jumped on the mongoose bandwagon. With little regard for potential impacts, the now defunct Hilo Planters Association released 72 mongoose from Jamaica in Hilo. Another batch of mongoose from eastern India was brought to the Hamakua coast in 1885.
Subsequent offspring were released on Maui, Oahu and Kauai. For an unknown reason, the crate delivered on Kauai was kicked off the dock. To date mongoose have not established on Kauai, though a single female was found killed by a car in 1972.
Mongoose do eat rats, in Hawaii and elsewhere, but mongoose are opportunistic predators, eating primarily insects, with birds, eggs and a handful of plants mixed in. Additionally, mongooses are active during the day, rats at night.
The introduction of the mongoose further tipped the balance of the environment in the wrong direction: now both mongoose and rats threaten populations of native birds, particularly ground-nesting species like nene and petrels.
The mongoose introduction was not an example of classical biological control; it was an impulsive, untested whim. Today, when researchers look for biological controls for a particular pest, they survey the pest's native habitat for species that counteract the pest's invasive characteristics. Before any new organisms are introduced in Hawaii, they are subjected to intensive testing in quarantine to determine potential impacts on any other species.
Successful candidates for biological control have evolved over millennia alongside their target; some are dependent solely on the target species for survival. For example, the Eurytoma wasp that saved the wiliwili will die without access to Erythina gall wasps. Consequently, Eurytoma populations will stop short of entirely eliminating the Erythrina gall wasp. Rather it will restore balance, keeping the pest wasp in check.
When mongoose were brought to Hawaii, there were no restrictions on plant and animal imports. Impacts on other species were an afterthought, if considered at all. It wasn't until King David Kalakaua enacted the "Laws of the Hawaiian Islands" that any regulation existed to limit the introduction of new species to Hawaii.
Government-led pest management didn't begin until 10 years after sugar growers introduced the mongoose. The provisional government appointed Albert Koebele as the chief entomologist, the first of many tasked with preventing new and controlling existing pest populations.
Biological control has a long and successful history in Hawaii. In fact, California and Hawaii lead the world in successful releases of natural predators. Ever since testing of biological controls began, there have been no incidences of "host-jumping," or biological controls attacking other species.
Yes, the infamous mongoose ran amok, but it arrived during an "anything goes" era in Hawaiian history. The mongoose - or any opportunistic predator - would never be considered suitable for introduction by today's standards. Biological controls are an important tool - sometimes the only tool - that can restore balance in Hawaiian ecosystems.
* Lissa Fox Strohecker is the public relations and education specialist for the Maui Invasive Species Committee. She holds a biological sciences degree from Montana State University. Kia'i Moku, "Guarding the Island," is prepared by the Maui Invasive Species Committee to provide information on protecting the island from invasive plants and animals that can threaten the island's environment, economy and quality of life.
