This image from video provided by the U.S. Geological Survey shows a lava lake erupting on the west caldera wall of the Kīlauea volcano in Hawaii, on Monday, Dec. 23, 2024. (USGS via AP)

The Hawaiʻi Department of Health is urging residents and visitors to take precautions as elevated volcanic gas emissions from Kilauea continue to produce vog and poor air quality across the islands, even after the volcano’s latest eruption has paused.

The U.S. Geological Survey reported that Kīlauea’s summit eruption ended April 22 following four months of episodic activity that began Dec. 23. However, gas emissions have remained high, creating persistent vog — volcanic smog formed when sulfur dioxide and other gases react in the atmosphere.

Health officials report air quality levels have fluctuated across the state, with the southern part of Hawaii Island experiencing periods of unhealthy conditions. Monitoring stations on Maui and Oahu have also detected periodic increases in sulfur dioxide and fine particulate matter, although most readings have remained in the good to moderate range.

Exposure to vog can cause a range of health problems, including eye, nose and throat irritation, coughing, phlegm production, fatigue, dizziness and worsening of respiratory conditions. People with asthma, chronic lung or heart disease, infants, children, pregnant women and older adults are particularly vulnerable.

The Department of Health is recommending that residents and visitors stay informed and take protective measures when vog levels rise. Among the suggested precautions are limiting strenuous outdoor activities, staying indoors with windows and doors closed, using air conditioners on the recirculation setting and using air purifiers that reduce fine particles and gases.

Those with respiratory issues are advised to keep medications readily available and to have an Asthma Action Plan prepared with their healthcare providers. People experiencing symptoms such as difficulty breathing or chest pain should seek medical attention immediately.